items():-

            items() method डिक्शनरी के सभी key-value pairs को tuple में return करता है (represent list of tuple)

dict1 = {“one”:’Ramesh’, “two”:’suresh’, “three”:’rajesh’}

print(dict1.items())        # dict_items([(‘one’, ‘Ramesh’), (‘two’, ‘suresh’), (‘three’, ‘rajesh’)])

update():-

            update() method का इस्तेमाल old dictionary को update करने के लिए किया जाता है

dict1 = {“one”:’Ramesh’, “two”:’suresh’, “three”:’rajesh’}

print(“Before Updating or Adding Keys and Values :”)

print(dict1)                          # {‘one’: ‘Ramesh’, ‘two’: ‘suresh’, ‘three’: ‘rajesh’}

dict2 = {“one”:’akhilesh’, “four”:’rakesh’, “five”:’mahesh’}

print(“After Updating or Adding Keys and Values:”)

dict1.update(dict2)

print(dict1)                           # {‘one’: ‘akhilesh’, ‘two’: ‘suresh’, ‘three’: ‘rajesh’, ‘four’: ‘rakesh’, ‘five’: ‘mahesh’}

fromkeys():-

                fromkeys() method दिए हुए sequence के item को dictionary के key के रूप में return करता है

Syntax:-     dict.fromkeys(seq, val)

Parameter :

seq : यहाँ पर sequence(list, tuple, string) दिया जाता है।  return होने वाले नए dictionary के लिए ये ‘keys’ होती है।

val : Optional. ये keys की values होती है। अगर दी नहीं जाती है तो ‘None’ return होता है।

list = [“H”, “e”, “l”, “l”, “o”]

print(dict.fromkeys(list))              # {‘H’: None, ‘e’: None, ‘l’: None, ‘o’: None}

Note:- अगर दूसरा parameter ‘seq’ दिया नहीं जाता है तो ‘None’ return होता है

list = [“H”, “e”, “l”, “l”, “o”]

print(dict.fromkeys(list, “uma”))           # {‘H’: ‘uma’, ‘e’: ‘uma’, ‘l’: ‘uma’, ‘o’: ‘uma’}

items():-

            items() method returns all key-value pairs of the dictionary in a tuple (representing list of tuple)

dict1 = {“one”:’Ramesh’, “two”:’suresh’, “three”:’rajesh’}

print(dict1.items())                 # dict_items([(‘one’, ‘Ramesh’), (‘two’, ‘suresh’), (‘three’, ‘rajesh’)])

update():-

            update() method is used to update the old dictionary.

dict1 = {“one”:’Ramesh’, “two”:’suresh’, “three”:’rajesh’}

print(“Before Updating or Adding Keys and Values :”)

print(dict1)            # {‘one’: ‘Ramesh’, ‘two’: ‘suresh’, ‘three’: ‘rajesh’}

dict2 = {“one”:’akhilesh’, “four”:’rakesh’, “five”:’mahesh’}

print(“After Updating or Adding Keys and Values:”)

dict1.update(dict2)

print(dict1)                           # {‘one’: ‘akhilesh’, ‘two’: ‘suresh’, ‘three’: ‘rajesh’, ‘four’: ‘rakesh’, ‘five’: ‘mahesh’}

fromkeys():-

                fromkeys() method returns the items of the given sequence as keys of the dictionary.

Syntax:-     dict.fromkeys(seq, val)

Parameter :

seq : Here sequence(list, tuple, string) is given. These are ‘keys’ for the new dictionary to be returned.

val : Optional. These are the values of the keys. If not given then ‘None’ is returned.

list = [“H”, “e”, “l”, “l”, “o”]

print(dict.fromkeys(list))               # {‘H’: None, ‘e’: None, ‘l’: None, ‘o’: None}

Note:- If second parameter ‘seq’ is not given then ‘None’ is returned.

list = [“H”, “e”, “l”, “l”, “o”]

print(dict.fromkeys(list, “uma”))            # {‘H’: ‘uma’, ‘e’: ‘uma’, ‘l’: ‘uma’, ‘o’: ‘uma’}